Publikationsliste

Anliker E, Rawer R, Boutellier U, Toigo M. Maximum Ground Reaction Force in Relation to Tibial Bone Mass in Children and Adults.Med Sci Sports Exerc (April 14, 2011). doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821c4661:

Abstract
PURPOSE: To assess maximum voluntary forefoot ground reaction force (Fm1LH) during multiple one-legged hopping (m1LH, a new jumping maneuver) and to determine the correlation between tibial volumetric bone mineral content (vBMC, a valid surrogate of bone strength) and Fm1LH. METHODS: One hundred and eighty-five females (8-82 years old) and 138 males (8-71 years old) performed m1LH to measure Fm1LH acting on the forefoot during landing. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scans were obtained to assess vBMC at 4, 14, 38 and 66% tibia length and calf muscle cross-sectional area (Ar.muscle) at the 66%-site. RESULTS: In all 323 participants, Fm1LH corresponded to 3-3.5 times body weight, and Fm1LH predicted vBMC14% by 84.0% (P < 0.001). vBMC14% was better correlated with Fm1LH than with Ar.muscle in both males (R = 0.841 vs. R = 0.724) and females (R = 0.765 vs. R = 0.597). Fm1LH and vBMC14% both increased during growth and afterwards remained constant or decreased with age, but never increased above the values reached at the end of puberty. Fm1LH decreased by 23.6% between 21-30 and 61-82 years in females and by 14.0% between 31-40 and 51-71 years in males. vBMC14% decreased by 13.7% in females between 21-30 and 61-82 years but remained unchanged in adult males. CONCLUSIONS: m1LH yields the highest (i.e. maximum) ground reaction force relative to other jumping maneuvers. Since bone strength is strongly governed by maximum muscle force, the concurrent assessment of pQCT-derived bone strength and Fm1LH might represent a new approach for the operational evaluation of musculoskeletal health.

Item F, Heinzer-Schweizer S, Wyss M, Fontana P, Lehmann R, Henning A, Weber M, Boesiger P, Boutellier U, Toigo M. Mitochondrial capacity is affected by glycemic status in young untrained women with type 1 diabetes but is not impaired relative to healthy untrained women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol (April 13, 2011). doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00747.2010:

Abstract
In this study, we examined whether glycemic status influences aerobic function in women with type 1 diabetes and whether aerobic function is reduced relative to healthy women. To this end, we compared several factors determining aerobic function of 29 young sedentary asymptomatic women (CON) with 9 women of similar age and activity level with type 1 diabetes [DIA, HbA1c range = 6.9−8.2%]. Calf muscle mitochondrial capacity was estimated by 31P-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Capillarization and muscle fiber oxidative enzyme activity were assessed from vastus lateralis and soleus muscle biopsies. Oxygen uptake and cardiac output were evaluated by ergospirometry and N2O/SF6 rebreathing. Calf muscle mitochondrial capacity was not different between CON and DIA, as indicated by the identical calculated maximal rates of oxidative ATP synthesis [0.0307 (0.0070) vs. 0.0309 (0.0058) s−1, P = 0.930]. Notably, HbA1c was negatively correlated with mitochondrial capacity in DIA (R2 = 0.475, P = 0.040). Although HbA1c was negatively correlated with cardiac output (R2 = 0.742, P = 0.013) in DIA, there was no difference between CON and DIA in maximal oxygen consumption [2.17 (0.34) vs. 2.21 (0.32) l⋅min−1, P = 0.764], cardiac output [12.1 (1.9) vs. 12.3 (1.8) l⋅min−1, P = 0.783], and endurance capacity [532 (212) vs. 471 (119) s, P = 0.475]. There was also no difference between the two groups either in the oxidative enzyme activity or capillary-to-fiber ratio. We conclude that mitochondrial capacity depends on HbA1c in untrained women with type 1 diabetes but is not reduced relative to untrained healthy women.

Fontana P, Betschon K, Boutellier U, Toigo M. Cardiac output but not stroke volume is similar in a Wingate and VO2peak test in young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 111(1):155-158, 2011:

Abstract
Wingate test (WT) training programmes lasting 2-3 weeks lead to improved peak oxygen consumption. If a single 30 s WT was capable of significantly increasing stroke volume and cardiac output, the increase in peak oxygen consumption could possibly be explained by improved oxygen delivery. Thus, we investigated whether a single WT increases stroke volume and cardiac output to similar levels than those obtained at peak exercise during a graded cycling exercise test (GXT) to exhaustion. Fifteen healthy young men (peak oxygen consumption 45.0 ± 5.3 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) performed one WT and one GXT on separate days in randomised order. During the tests, we estimated cardiac output using inert gas rebreathing (nitrous oxide and sulphur hexafluoride) and subsequently calculated stroke volume. We found that cardiac output was similar (18.2 ± 3.3 vs. 17.9 ± 2.6 l min(-1); P = 0.744), stroke volume was higher (127 ± 37 vs. 94 ± 15 ml; P < 0.001), and heart rate was lower (149 ± 26 vs. 190 ± 12 beats min(-1); P < 0.001) at the end (27 ± 2 s) of a WT as compared to peak exercise during a GXT. Our results suggest that a single WT produces a haemodynamic response which is characterised by similar cardiac output, higher stroke volume and lower heart rate as compared to peak exercise during a GXT.

Burch N, Arnold AS, Item F, Summermatter S, Brochmann Santana Santos G, Christe M, Boutellier U, Toigo M, Handschin C. Electric pulse stimulation of cultured murine muscle cells reproduces gene expression changes of trained mouse muscle. PLoS One (June 4, 2010). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010970:

Abstract
Adequate levels of physical activity are at the center of a healthy lifestyle. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the beneficial effects of exercise remain enigmatic. This gap in knowledge is caused by the lack of an amenable experimental model system. Therefore, we optimized electric pulse stimulation of muscle cells to closely recapitulate the plastic changes in gene expression observed in a trained skeletal muscle. The exact experimental conditions were established using the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) as a marker for an endurance-trained muscle fiber. We subsequently compared the changes in the relative expression of metabolic and myofibrillar genes in the muscle cell system with those observed in mouse muscle in vivo following either an acute or repeated bouts of treadmill exercise. Importantly, in electrically stimulated C2C12 mouse muscle cells, the qualitative transcriptional adaptations were almost identical to those in trained muscle, but differ from the acute effects of exercise on muscle gene expression. In addition, significant alterations in the expression of myofibrillar proteins indicate that this stimulation could be used to modulate the fiber-type of muscle cells in culture. Our data thus describe an experimental cell culture model for the study of at least some of the transcriptional aspects of skeletal muscle adaptation to physical activity. This system will be useful for the study of the molecular mechanisms that regulate exercise adaptation in muscle

Knoepfli-Lenzin C, Sennhauser C, Toigo M, Boutellier U, Bangsbo J, Krustrup P, Junge A, Dvorak J. Effects of a 12-week intervention period with football and running for habitually active men with mild hypertension. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1:72-79, 2010:

Abstract
The present study examined the effect of football (F, n=15) training on the health profile of habitually active 25-45-year-old men with mild hypertension and compared it with running (R, n=15) training and no additional activity (controls, C, n=17). The participants in F and R completed a 1-h training session 2.4 times/week for 12 weeks. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased in all groups but the decrease in diastolic blood pressure in F (-9 +/- 5 (+/- SD) mmHg) was higher than that in C (-4 +/- 6 mmHg). F was as effective as R in decreasing body mass (-1.6 +/- 1.8 vs-1.5 +/- 2.1 kg) and total fat mass (-2.0 +/- 1.5 vs -1.6 +/- 1.5 kg) and in increasing supine heart rate variability, whereas no changes were detected for C. Maximal stroke volume improved in F (+13.1%) as well as in R (+10.1%) compared with C (-4.9%). Total cholesterol decreased in F (5.8 +/- 1.2 to 5.5 +/- 0.9 mmol/L) but was not altered in R and C. We conclude that football training, consisting of high-intensity intermittent exercise, results in positive effects on blood pressure, body composition, stroke volume and supine heart rate variability, and elicits at least the same cardiovascular health benefits as continuous running exercise in habitually active men with mild hypertension.

Fontana P, Boutellier U, Toigo M. Non-invasive haemodynamic assessments using Innocor during standard graded exercise tests. Eur J Appl Physiol 108(3):573-580, 2010:

Abstract
Cardiac output (Q) and stroke volume (V(S)) represent primary determinants of cardiovascular performance and should therefore be determined for performance diagnostics purposes. Since it is unknown, whether measurements of Q and V(S) can be performed by means of Innocor during standard graded exercise tests (GXTs), and whether current GXT stages are sufficiently long for the measurements to take place, we determined Q and V(S) at an early and late point in time on submaximal 2 min GXT stages. 16 male cyclists (age 25.4 +/- 2.9 years, body mass 71.2 +/- 5.0 kg) performed three GXTs and we determined Q and V(S) after 46 and 103 s at 69, 77, and 85% peak power. We found that the rebreathings could easily be incorporated into the GXTs and that Q and V(S) remained unchanged between the two points in time on the same GXT stage (69% peak power, Q: 18.1 +/- 2.1 vs. 18.2 +/- 2.3 l min(-1), V(S): 126 +/- 18 vs. 123 +/- 21 ml; 77% peak power, Q: 20.7 +/- 2.6 vs. 21.0 +/- 2.3 l min(-1), V(S): 132 +/- 18 vs. 131 +/- 18 ml; 85% peak power, Q: 21.6 +/- 2.4 vs. 21.8 +/- 2.7 l min(-1), V(S): 131 +/- 17 vs. 131 +/- 22 ml). We conclude that Innocor may be a useful device for assessing Q and V(S) during GXTs, and that the adaptation of Q and V(S) to exercise-to-exercise transitions at moderate to high submaximal power outputs is fast enough for 1 and 2 min GXT stage durations.

Fontana P, Boutellier U, Knöpfli-Lenzin C. Time to exhaustion at maximal lactate steady state is similar for cycling and running in moderately trained subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 107(2):187-192, 2009:

Abstract
We compared time to exhaustion (t(lim)) at maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) between cycling and running, investigated if oxygen consumption, ventilation, blood lactate concentration, and perceived exertion differ between the exercise modes, and established whether MLSS can be determined for cycling and running using the same criteria. MLSS was determined in 15 moderately trained men (30 +/- 6 years, 77 +/- 6 kg) by several constant-load tests to exhaustion in cycling and running. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and ventilation were recorded continuously. Blood lactate concentration and perceived exertion were measured every 5 min. t (lim) (37.7 +/- 8.9 vs. 34.4 +/- 5.4 min) and perceived exertion (7.2 +/- 1.7 vs. 7.2 +/- 1.5) were similar for cycling and running. Heart rate (165 +/- 8 vs. 175 +/- 10 min(-1); P < 0.01), oxygen consumption (3.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.4 +/- 0.3 l min(-1); P < 0.001) and ventilation (93 +/- 12 vs. 103 +/- 16 l min(-1); P < 0.01) were lower for cycling compared to running, respectively, whereas blood lactate concentration (5.6 +/- 1.7 vs. 4.3 +/- 1.3 mmol l(-1); P < 0.05) was higher for cycling. t(lim) at MLSS is similar for cycling and running, despite absolute differences in heart rate, ventilation, blood lactate concentration, and oxygen consumption. This may be explained by the relatively equal cardiorespiratory demand at MLSS. Additionally, the similar t(lim) for cycling and running allows the same criteria to be used for determining MLSS in both exercise modes.

Fontana P, Boutellier U, Toigo M. Reliability of measurements with Innocor during exercise. Int J Sports Med 30(10):747-753, 2009:

Abstract
Cardiac output represents the primary determinant of cardiovascular function. Therefore, understanding how cardiac output is regulated during exercise is crucial. A recently developed tool for determining cardiac output is the Innocor rebreathing system, which also incorporates an ergospirometry unit. So far, Innocor's test-retest reliability under exercise conditions has not been determined in healthy participants. Therefore, 15 male and 15 female healthy participants [30.6 y (SD 4.5); 68.0 kg (SD 10.5)] performed 2 test sessions, each consisting of 2 graded exercise tests to volitional exhaustion. We determined intra- and inter-session reliability of cardiac output, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide output, and ventilation at 130 W and at peak exercise. For cardiac output, we found averaged coefficients of variation ranging from 4.3 (intra-session, 130 W) to 10.0% (inter-session, rest). For oxygen consumption, coefficients of variation ranged from 3.4 (intra-session, peak) to 5.7% (inter-session, peak). Coefficients of variation for carbon dioxide output were between 4.4 (intra-session, peak) and 6.6% (inter-session, peak), and for ventilation between 5.1 (intra-session, 130 W) and 7.0% (intra-session, peak). Innocor delivers safe and reliable measurements of cardiac output, gas exchange, and ventilation. Therefore, Innocor can be used to assess these parameters in exercise physiology studies as well as in performance diagnostics.

Toigo M, Boutellier U. New fundamental resistance exercise determinants of molecular and cellular muscle adaptations. Eur J Appl Physiol 97(6):643-663, 2006:

Abstract
Abstract Physical activity relies on muscular force. In adult skeletal muscle, force results from the contraction of postmitotic, multinucleated myofibres of different contractile and metabolic properties. Myofibres can adapt to (patho-)physiological conditions of altered functional demand by radial growth, longitudinal growth, and regulation of fibre type functional gene modules. The adaptation's specificity depends on the distinct molecular and cellular events triggered by unique combinations of conditional cues. In order to derive effective and tailored exercise prescriptions, it must be determined (1) which mechano-biological condition leads to what molecular/cellular response, and (2) how this molecular/cellular response relates to the structural, contractile, and metabolic adaptation. It follows that a thorough mechano-biological description of the loading condition is imperative. Unfortunately, the definition of (resistance) exercise conditions in the past and present literature is insufficient. It is classically limited to load magnitude, number of repetitions and sets, rest in-between sets, number of interventions/week, and training period. In this review, we show why the current description is insufficient, and identify new determinants of quantitative and/or qualitative effects on skeletal muscle with respect to resistance exercise in healthy, adult humans. These new mandatory determinants comprise the fractional and temporal distribution of the contraction modes per repetition, duration of one repetition, rest in-between repetitions, time under tension, muscular failure, range of motion, recovery time, and anatomical definition. We strongly recommend to standardise the design and description of all future resistance exercise investigations by using the herein proposed set of 13 mechano-biological determinants (classical and new ones).

Toigo M, Donohoe S, Sperrazzo G, Jarrold B, Wang F, Hinkle R, Dolan E, Isfort RJ, Aebersold R. ICAT-MS-MS time course analysis of atrophying mouse skeletal muscle cytosolic subproteome. Mol Biosyst 1(3):229-241, 2005:

Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a process in which protein degradation exceeds protein synthesis, resulting in a decrease of the muscle's physiological cross-sectional area and mass, and is often a serious consequence of numerous health problems. We used the isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) labelling approach and MS-MS to protein profile cytosolic subcellular fractions from mouse tibialis anterior skeletal muscle undergoing 0, 4, 8, or 16 days of immobilisation-induced atrophy. For the validation of peptide and protein identifications statistical algorithms were applied to the sequence database search results in order to obtain consistent sensitivity/error rates for protein and peptide identifications at each immobilisation time point. In this study, we identified and quantified a large number of mouse skeletal muscle proteins. At a protein probability (P) of P> or = 0.9 (corresponding to a false positive error rate of less than 1%) 807 proteins were identified (231, 226, 217 for 4, 8, 16 days of immobilisation and 133 for the control sample, respectively), from which 51 displayed altered protein abundance with atrophy. Due to randomness of data acquisition, a full time course could be generated only for 62 proteins, most of which displayed unchanged protein abundance. In spite of this, useful information about dataset characteristics and underlying biological processes could be obtained through gene over-representation analysis. 20 gene categories-mainly but not exclusively encoded by the subset of overlapping proteins--were consistently found to be significantly (p < 0.05) over-represented in all 4 sub-datasets.

Hoerndli FJ, Toigo M, Schild A, Götz J, Day PJ. Reference genes identified in SH-SY5Y cells using custom-made gene arrays with validation by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Anal Biochem 1;335(1):30-41, 2004:

Abstract
Transcriptomic methods are widely used as an initial approach to gain a mechanistic insight into physiological and pathological processes. Because differences in gene regulation to be assessed by RNA screening methods (e.g., SAGE, Affymetrix GeneChips) can be very subtle, these techniques require stable reference genes for accurate normalization. It is widely known that housekeeping genes, which are routinely used for normalization, can vary significantly depending on the tissue, and experimental test. In this study, we aimed at identifying stable reference genes for a fibrillar Abeta(42) peptide-treated, human tau-expressing SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line derived to model aspects of Alzheimer's disease in tissue culture. We selected genes exhibiting potential normalization characteristics from public databases to create a custom-made microarray allowing the identification of reference genes for low, intermediate, and abundant mRNAs. A subset of these candidates was subjected to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and was analyzed with geNorm software. By doing so, we were able to identify GAPD, M-RIP, and POLR2F as stable and usable reference genes irrespective of differentiation status and Abeta(42) treatment.

Toigo M (2006) Trainingsrelevante Determinanten der molekularen und zellulären Skelettmuskeladaptation, Teil 1: Einleitung der Längenadaptation. Schweiz Zschr Sportmed Sporttraumatol 54:101-106:

Zusammenfassung
Muskelkraft ist die Basis für jegliche körperliche Aktivität. Im adulten Skelettmuskel entsteht Muskelkraft, wenn postmitotische und mehrkernige Muskelzellen (so genannte Muskelfasern) kontrahieren. Muskelfasern weisen unterschiedliche metabolische und kontraktile Eigenschaften auf und variieren bezüglich Faserdurchmesser und -länge. Sie können sich an (patho-)physiologische Zustände, die mit einer veränderten funktionellen Beanspruchung einhergehen, anpassen. Mögliche Anpassungen umfassen (a) die Zu- oder Abnahme in Faserlänge und/oder (b) -durchmesser sowie (c) die Regulation von Genmodulen, welche den Fasertypus determinieren. Ausmass und Art der Anpassung hängen von der spezifischen molekularen und zellulären Antwort ab, welche u.a. durch die Zusammensetzung der (Trainings-)Reize bestimmt wird. Um effektive und spezifische Trainingsempfehlungen (d.h. «Verabreichungsmuster» von Trainingsreizen) formulieren zu können, ist es daher notwendig zu wissen, (1) welche mechano-biologischen Zustände auf der Basis der individuellen Responsmatrix zu welcher molekularen/zellulären Antwort führen, (2) in welchem Kausalzusammenhang die molekulare/zelluläre Antwort mit der strukturellen, kontraktilen und metabolischen Adaptation steht, und (3) zu welchem funktionellen/klinischen Effekt die Adaptation führt. Um den Zusammenhang zwischen Reiz, Adaptation und Effekt kausal entschlüsseln zu können, ist es daher unerlässlich, den (Trainings-)Reiz qualitativ und quantitativ genau zu erfassen. Diesem wichtigen Aspekt wird bis heute in der Literatur zu wenig Rechnung getragen. Dies führt dazu, dass Resultate fehlinterpretiert und falsche Schlussfolgerungen gezogen werden. Im Krafttraining wird der Trainingsreiz klassischerweise über Höhe des Trainingswiderstandes, Anzahl Wiederholungen und Sätze, Pause zwischen den Sätzen, Anzahl Trainingseinheiten pro Woche und Dauer der Trainingsperiode defi niert. In diesem Übersichtsartikel werde ich darlegen, warum diese klassische Beschreibung ungenügend ist. Basierend auf einem kürzlich erschienenen Übersichtsartikel (Toigo und Boutellier 2006) werde ich zudem neue bestimmende Variablen einführen, welche hinsichtlich Krafttraining bei gesunden erwachsenen Menschen einen qualitativen und/oder quantitativen Effekt auf den Skelettmuskel haben: fraktionelle und temporale Verteilung der Kontraktionsart pro Wiederholung, Dauer einer Wiederholung, Pause zwischen den Wiederholungen, totale Spannungsdauer, Muskelversagen, Bewegungsumfang, Erholungsdauer und anatomische Definition der Übungsausführung. Ich empfehle, das Design und den Beschrieb von entsprechenden Trainingsstudien anhand der klassischen und neuen mechano-biologischen Deskriptoren zu standardisieren. In diesem ersten Übersichtsartikel (Teil 1: Einleitung und Längenadaptation) werde ich die trainingsrelevanten Determinanten für die Längenanpassung von Skelettmuskeln herleiten. Teil 2 wird sich mit der Herleitung der entsprechenden Determinanten für die Anpassung von Muskelquerschnitt sowie kontraktiler und metabolischer Eigenschaften befassen.

Toigo M (2006) Trainingsrelevante Determinanten der molekularen und zellulären Skelettmuskeladaptation, Teil 2: Adaptation von Querschnitt und Fasertypusmodulen. Schweiz Zschr Sportmed Sporttraumatol 54:121-132:

Zusammenfassung
Muskelkraft ist die Basis für jegliche körperliche Aktivität. Im adulten Skelettmuskel entsteht Muskelkraft, wenn postmitotische und mehrkernige Muskelzellen (sogenannte Muskelfasern) kontrahieren. Muskelfasern weisen unterschiedliche metabolische und kontraktile Eigenschaften auf und variieren bezüglich Faserdurchmesser und -länge. Sie können sich an (patho-)physiologische Zustände, die mit einer veränderten funktionellen Beanspruchung einhergehen, anpassen. Mögliche Anpassungen umfassen (a) die Zu- oder Abnahme in Faserlänge und/oder (b) -durchmesser sowie (c) die Regulation von Genmodulen, welche den Fasertypus determinieren. Ausmass und Art der Anpassung hängen von der spezifischen molekularen und zellulären Antwort ab, welche u.a. durch die Zusammensetzung der (Trainings-)Reize bestimmt wird. Um effektive und spezifische Trainingsempfehlungen (d.h. «Verabreichungsmuster » von Trainingsreizen) formulieren zu können, ist es daher notwendig zu wissen, (1) welche mechano-biologischen Zustände auf der Basis der individuellen Responsmatrix zu welcher molekularen/zellulären Antwort führen, (2) in welchem Kausalzusammenhang die molekulare/zelluläre Antwort mit der strukturellen, kontraktilen und metabolischen Adaptation steht, und (3) zu welchem funktionellen/klinischen Effekt die Adaptation führt. Um den Zusammenhang zwischen Reiz, Adaptation und Effekt kausal entschlüsseln zu können, ist es daher unerlässlich, den (Trainings-)Reiz qualitativ und quantitativ genau zu erfassen. Diesem wichtigen Aspekt wird bis heute in der Literatur zu wenig Rechnung getragen. Dies führt dazu, dass Resultate fehlinterpretiert und falsche Schlussfolgerungen gezogen werden. Im Krafttraining wird der Trainingsreiz klassischerweise über die Höhe des Trainingswiderstandes, Anzahl Wiederholungen und Sätze, Pause zwischen den Sätzen, Anzahl Trainingseinheiten pro Woche und Dauer der Trainingsperiode definiert. In diesem Übersichtsartikel werde ich darlegen, warum diese klassische Beschreibung ungenügend ist. Basierend auf einem kürzlich erschienenen Übersichtsartikel (Toigo und Boutellier 2006) werde ich zudem neue bestimmende Variablen einführen, welche hinsichtlich Krafttraining bei gesunden erwachsenen Menschen einen qualitativen und/oder quantitativen Effekt auf den Skelettmuskel haben: fraktionelle und temporale Verteilung der Kontraktionsart pro Wiederholung, Dauer einer Wiederholung, Pause zwischen den Wiederholungen, totale Spannungsdauer, Muskelversagen, Bewegungsumfang, Erholungsdauer und anatomische Definition der Übungsausführung. Ich empfehle, das Design und den Beschrieb von entsprechenden Trainingsstudien anhand der klassischen und neuen mechano-biologischen Deskriptoren zu standardisieren. In der letzten Ausgabe dieser Zeitschrift habe ich die Längenadaptation des Skelettmuskels besprochen (Toigo 2006). In diesem zweiten Teil werde ich die trainingsrelevanten Determinanten für die Querschnittsanpassung und die Reprogrammierung der kontraktilen und metabolischen Eigenschaften von Skelettmuskeln herleiten.